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In medical terms, shock is a state caused by inadequate blood flow to organs and tissues of the body.
It is majorly as a result of a decrease or inadequacy in the amount of blood pumped out of the heart (cardiac output), increase in metabolic rate, a deficiency in the heart which could be from heart valves, ventricles, diseases, etc.
It is also called haemorrhagic shock because it is caused by excessive bleeding. When a person loses so much blood due to an injury or accident, the amount of blood available at that moment for that person is reduced. This leads to a decrease in the pressure at which the ventricles fill with blood, and then a fall in cardiac output.
Sometimes, a blood transfusion might be required to compensate for the blood loss. However, if the cause of haemorrhage is found and arrested immediately, the body can make up for the loss.
When there is an allergic reaction in the body, basophils are released into circulation which leads to the release of histamine or a substance that has the effect of histamine into the blood.
Histamine causes dilation of the veins that return blood to the heart, leading to a decrease in cardiac output. It also causes the pressure in arteries to reduce which will lead to insufficient supply of blood to the body.
Also Read: Anaemia -Meaning, causes, 5 classification, signs, prevention and treatment
This type of shock is caused by a bacterial infection that has spread round the body, causing damages along the line. Septic shock can be caused by:
If the GIT ruptures, all the contents are scattered into the blood. The GIT contains useful ingredients as well as bacteria, and waste products. The blood circulates these waste products round the body leading to damage.
Blood circulation is controlled by the brain and mediated by neurons; therefore damage to any of these organs will eventually lead to shock. The major causes of neurogenic shock are:
Based on severity, and ease of treatment, the shock is classified into three major stages
At this stage, the body is able to make up for the cause of shock without treatment or therapy. The body can adjust by producing more blood, or fighting the infection.
Here, the body’s mechanisms alone are not sufficient to compensate. At this stage, if no treatment is administered, the shock can become irreversible.
At this point, no form of treatment or therapy is enough to keep the person alive, even if the person is active at the moment. This usually happens when brain damage has proceeded for a long time. The brain for instance cannot stay without blood for more than 4 minutes. If there is uncontrolled haemorrhage, and blood supply to the brain is eventually reduced, this stage may ensue.
This is the major treatment used in hypovolemic shock
Some therapies include
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